Crime Detection Essays (809 words) - Forensic Evidence, Evidence Law

Crime Detection In recent times, science has provided substantial aid to crime detection. Because anything in the physical universe has the potential of becoming an item of evidence in an investigation, a wide variety of procedures may be used in analyzing and interpreting evidence in a criminal case. These procedures include handwriting analysis, forensic photography, crime scene documentation, metallurgical investigations, chain of custody, entomology, and blood spatters. The first thing you do after securing a crime scene is document it. Always take pictures. They are the best records available. They show the crime scene as it was found; where objects are in relation to other objects, victims, rooms, etc. Take notes. Describe the scene, it's over all conditions. Describe rooms, lights, shades, locks, food; anything that can indicate a time frame, condition of scene or that might have even the slightest evidentiary significance. Check dates on mail and newspapers. Diagram the crime scene. Take measurements. Photos are good to show where an object is in relation to another object, but measurements tell exactly how far. True handwriting analysis involves painstaking examination of the design, shape and structure of handwriting to determine authorship of a given handwriting sample. The basic principle underlying handwriting analysis is that no two people write the exact same thing the exact same way. Every person develops unique peculiarities and characteristics in their handwriting. Handwriting analysis looks at letter formations, connecting strokes between the letters, upstrokes, retraces, down strokes, spacing, baseline, curves, size, distortions, hesitations and a number of other characteristics of handwriting. By examining these details and variations in a questioned sample and comparing them to a sample of known authorship, a determination can be made as the whether or not the authorship is genuine. Another is, Metallurgical Investigations--examinations make it possible to identify the source of an item?whether made of metal, plastic, ceramic, or other material?found at a crime scene, and further, to determine if two similar items were fractured from each other, the nature of the force causing the fracture, the direction from which the force came, and the time when the fragments became separated. Such identification helps trace the evidence to its owner. The metallurgist can also restore obliterated or altered numbers on objects of any material. Mineralogical Investigations is the science of mineralogy is also used in crime detection. The mineralogist studies soil, plaster, cement, brick, concrete, and glass for any evidence. Mineral analyses have shown that differences may be detected in soil composition. Soil and dust found on a suspect's clothing and determined to be comparable to that at the crime scene help to prove the person's presence in that locality. Toxicology may be defined as the science of poisons special methods of analytical chemistry have been developed for use in toxicological examinations. The specimens ordinarily examined in cases of suspected poisoning are tissue samples from vital organs, blood or urine, food, drink, and the suspected poison itself. Firearms are identified through microscopic imperfections that are produced inadvertently in gun barrels during manufacture. Subsequent use and wear contribute further to a weapon's individuality. Chain of Custody is of paramount importance to any investigation. It is the unbroken sequence of events that is caused by an item of evidence from the time it is found at the crime scene to the time it appears in court. Every link in this chain is documented, from discovery at the crime scene, through evidence gathering, storage, and lab analysis return to storage, and transfer to court. Every link is documented by date, time, and handling individual, what was done with the evidence by that individual. If chain of custody is broken, if the evidence cannot be accounted in one step of its journey from crime scene to courtroom, it is rendered inadmissible; useless to the case. Blood spatters help a great deal in reconstructing a crime scene. They can be used to corroborate or disprove and alibi. They can be used to convict the guilty. There is much more to it than looking at a stain or spatter and saying, "This is where the crime took place." The patterns of the spatters and the shapes of the individual blood droplets themselves can tell how the crime was committed. Drops falling from different heights (i.e. at different speeds) will leave different looking spatters. A drop falling from a low height of a few inches will leave a small cohesive circle. At greater heights, the circle will be larger and may even have a 'crown' effect. Hitting a surface at an angle does even more to disrupt a blood droplet. Perpendicular impact Crime Detection Essays (809 words) - Forensic Evidence, Evidence Law Crime Detection In recent times, science has provided substantial aid to crime detection. Because anything in the physical universe has the potential of becoming an item of evidence in an investigation, a wide variety of procedures may be used in analyzing and interpreting evidence in a criminal case. These procedures include handwriting analysis, forensic photography, crime scene documentation, metallurgical investigations, chain of custody, entomology, and blood spatters. The first thing you do after securing a crime scene is document it. Always take pictures. They are the best records available. They show the crime scene as it was found; where objects are in relation to other objects, victims, rooms, etc. Take notes. Describe the scene, it's over all conditions. Describe rooms, lights, shades, locks, food; anything that can indicate a time frame, condition of scene or that might have even the slightest evidentiary significance. Check dates on mail and newspapers. Diagram the crime scene. Take measurements. Photos are good to show where an object is in relation to another object, but measurements tell exactly how far. True handwriting analysis involves painstaking examination of the design, shape and structure of handwriting to determine authorship of a given handwriting sample. The basic principle underlying handwriting analysis is that no two people write the exact same thing the exact same way. Every person develops unique peculiarities and characteristics in their handwriting. Handwriting analysis looks at letter formations, connecting strokes between the letters, upstrokes, retraces, down strokes, spacing, baseline, curves, size, distortions, hesitations and a number of other characteristics of handwriting. By examining these details and variations in a questioned sample and comparing them to a sample of known authorship, a determination can be made as the whether or not the authorship is genuine. Another is, Metallurgical Investigations--examinations make it possible to identify the source of an item?whether made of metal, plastic, ceramic, or other material?found at a crime scene, and further, to determine if two similar items were fractured from each other, the nature of the force causing the fracture, the direction from which the force came, and the time when the fragments became separated. Such identification helps trace the evidence to its owner. The metallurgist can also restore obliterated or altered numbers on objects of any material. Mineralogical Investigations is the science of mineralogy is also used in crime detection. The mineralogist studies soil, plaster, cement, brick, concrete, and glass for any evidence. Mineral analyses have shown that differences may be detected in soil composition. Soil and dust found on a suspect's clothing and determined to be comparable to that at the crime scene help to prove the person's presence in that locality. Toxicology may be defined as the science of poisons special methods of analytical chemistry have been developed for use in toxicological examinations. The specimens ordinarily examined in cases of suspected poisoning are tissue samples from vital organs, blood or urine, food, drink, and the suspected poison itself. Firearms are identified through microscopic imperfections that are produced inadvertently in gun barrels during manufacture. Subsequent use and wear contribute further to a weapon's individuality. Chain of Custody is of paramount importance to any investigation. It is the unbroken sequence of events that is caused by an item of evidence from the time it is found at the crime scene to the time it appears in court. Every link in this chain is documented, from discovery at the crime scene, through evidence gathering, storage, and lab analysis return to storage, and transfer to court. Every link is documented by date, time, and handling individual, what was done with the evidence by that individual. If chain of custody is broken, if the evidence cannot be accounted in one step of its journey from crime scene to courtroom, it is rendered inadmissible; useless to the case. Blood spatters help a great deal in reconstructing a crime scene. They can be used to corroborate or disprove and alibi. They can be used to convict the guilty. There is much more to it than looking at a stain or spatter and saying, "This is where the crime took place." The patterns of the spatters and the shapes of the individual blood droplets themselves can tell how the crime was committed. Drops falling from different heights (i.e. at different speeds) will leave different looking spatters. A drop falling from a low height of a few inches will leave a small cohesive circle. At greater heights, the circle will be larger and may even have a 'crown' effect. Hitting a surface at an angle does even more to disrupt a blood droplet. Perpendicular impact

How to Remove Ball Point Pen Ink

How to Remove Ball Point Pen Ink Ballpoint pen ink is not something that you can usually remove with simple soap and water, but there is an easy and inexpensive way to remove pen ink from surfaces or clothing. Materials You Will Need to Remove Pen Ink You can use any of a number of common household chemicals to lift away ink. The best of these is alcohol, because it dissolves pigments that are soluble in both water and organic solvents and because its gentle enough that it wont discolor or damage most fabrics. Rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol)Shaving cream (if the alcohol doesnt remove the ink)Hairspray (if neither the alcohol nor shaving cream works)Non-flammable dry cleaning fluid (another option) Ink Removal Instructions Dab rubbing alcohol onto the ink.Allow a couple of minutes for the alcohol to penetrate the surface and react with the ink.Blot the ink stain using layers of white paper towels or a cloth that has been dampened in either alcohol or water.If the alcohol is ineffective, try using foaming shaving cream.If the shaving cream doesnt work, hairspray usually will remove ink, but it should only be used as a last resort because hairspray damages some surfaces and fabrics.A non-flammable dry cleaning fluid may remove certain inks. If you use dry cleaning fluid to remove a stain, rinse the area with water afterward. Gel ink pens use an ink that is made to be permanent. Alcohol will not remove gel ink, nor will acid. Sometimes it is possible to wear away gel ink using an eraser. Ink stains in wood usually involve gouges in the wood, which makes it harder to get to the ink. Be sure to remove all traces of alcohol from the wood after the ink has been removed, rinse the affected area with water, and condition the wood to help reverse the drying effects of the alcohol. Why Ballpoint Ink is So Hard to Remove The reason ballpoint pen ink is so tricky to remove is its chemical composition. Ballpoint pens and felt-tip markers consist of pigments and dyes suspended in water and organic solvents, which may include toluene, glyco-ethers, propylene glycol, and propyl alcohol. Other ingredients may be added to help the ink flow or stick to the page, such as resins, wetting agents, and preservatives. Basically, removing the ink requires a solvent that works with both polar (water) and nonpolar (organic) molecules. Because of the nature of the ink, its important to remove the stain before dry cleaning, because the solvents used in the process can release the stain and spread it to other parts of the fabric.

With reference to two areas of knowledge discuss the ways in which Essay

With reference to two areas of knowledge discuss the ways in which shared knowledge can shape personal knowledge - Essay Example The question of how personal knowledge can effectively have an influence on shared knowledge can be answered through a careful observation of the structure of both subjects. It is first however crucial to understand what shared knowledge is as well as its relationship to personal knowledge. Shared knowledge can be described as the collective knowledge of a society with regards to both standardized and overall subjects that affect individuals as a group. It can be seen as shared opinions between a group or groups of people that are usually held as a collective belief. This shared knowledge is normally passed on from generation to generation and thus become a popular point of view over a period (Lagemaat 54). They are, however, subject to change under various circumstances that would affect the society’s views as a whole. These circumstances may be caused by an individual(s) actions, or events that take place in a society completely rocking the fabrication of a previous notion. It can be argued that shared knowledge does in fact effectively affect the personal knowledge that develops in an individual. This is due to the rise and development of both matters and their effect on society. Shared knowledge can be seen as the foundation of the initial societal information that is passed on to an individual. From this shared knowledge and a collection of personal experiences, an individual is thus able to gradually develop their opinions. The fact remains that shared knowledge is indeed the first informational encounter that an individual experiences, and thus cannot be negated from the equation forming an individual’s personal knowledge (Heydon and Jesudason 13). A good example supporting this hypothesis would be the learning curve of a child since birth. When one is brought into the world, their primary source of knowledge is their guardians. Their guardians in turn retrieve their information form what can be seen as

Current flow in a circuit (purely resistive and restive-capacitive Lab Report

Current flow in a circuit (purely resistive and restive-capacitive - Lab Report Example Current can be the flow of negative or positive charges or both. The conventional current direction of flow is the direction of flow of the positive charges, but the positive charges are immobile. Electrons carry the negative charge and in the direction opposite to that of electric or conventional current. For instance, if two metal plates or any other conductors are connected together by a wire e.g. copper wire, electrons flow from the conductor with higher potential toward the conductor with lower potential due to the potential difference between them. The electrons flowing between the two is referred as electricity and decreases with the decrease in the electrical potential. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain the electrical potential difference by using devices like the battery, solar cells, or electrical generators and is connected to loads like motors, light bulbs, heaters etc. Since these devices are loads, they slow down the flow of electrons due to the electrical resistan ce they offer.. Two main types of current are DC and AC.... It is necessary to control current flowing in a circuit either by controlling the amount of voltage applied or the resistance in the circuit. This is done to avoid the undesirable results like damaging electrical components or valuables at home if for instance the optimal operating conditions are exceeded. Ammeter is used to measure the electrical current flowing through a circuit while voltmeter measures the electrical potential difference. Ammeter is placed in series and voltmeter in parallel with other components in the circuit. The ammeter will only measure the current in the branch it is placed but not current flowing in other branches of the circuit. Ammeters have relatively low resistance while voltmeters have high resistance. Power sources like a battery, generators are needed to keep current flowing in a circuit (Voltage-force which pushes the electrons) and also the circuit must be complete for the electrons to return to their source implying that conductors are necessary f or current to flow. Insulators like glass or plastic are needed to avoid current leakage or short circuiting which may result to cut off supply of power to various electrical devices or even damage them. The relationship between current, voltage and resistance in a circuit is clearly defined by Ohm’s law which states that â€Å"electrical current is proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance between any two points on a conductor provided the temperature of the conductor does not change† (James, Jack and Noble). I=V/R where: I=current (Amperes), V=Voltage(volts), R=Resistance (Ohms).Therefore when current increases, voltage in the circuit

Is Europe an optimum currency area Literature review

Is Europe an optimum currency area - Literature review Example This phenomenon has allowed for a vantage point to the economists from where they can try understanding the possible problems and difficulties associated with economic integration. The objective of this literature review is to understand the criteria essential to the achievement of Optimum Currency Areas in the light of the existing academic sources and theories. This literature review also intends to understand whether the European Economic and Monetary Union are gradually shifting towards an Optimum Currency Area position. It is Robert Mundell who is attributed to be the pioneer of the theory of Optimum Currency Area. Vasiliauskaite and Vitakauskas (2007) have successfully identified certain criteria delineated by Mundell to be necessary for the existence of a viable currency union. As per Mundell, for a region to move towards an Optimum Currency Position, the labour mobility is a necessary and pivotal requirement (Vasiliauskaite & Vitakauskas 2007). The labour mobility in this con text includes the physical ability and possibility on the part of the labour in a region to move from the depressed areas to the propitious ones. This mobility criterion also entails an absence of the cultural and political barriers to labour mobility and the existence of viable institutional mechanisms to facilitate mobility of labour (Vasiliauskaite & Vitakauskas 2007). Besides, According to Mundell, the monetary union in a region required an integration of the financial markets of the member nations accompanied by a total flexibility of prices and wages across the region (Vasiliauskaite & Vitakauskas 2007). Also, Mundell tagged to these criteria the need for a regional political integration making way for the fiscal transfer mechanisms for the redistribution of capital around an Optimum Currency Area (Vasiliauskaite & Vitakauskas 2007). Besides, it is also imperative that most of the nations in an Optimum Currency Area have diversified economies and similar business cycles (Vasil iauskaite & Vitakauskas 2007). Vasiliauskaite and Vitakauskas (2007) have concluded after an elaborate analysis of the existing data that though the European Economic and Monetary Union does qualify many of the criteria considered by Mundell to be essential for the creation of an Optimum Currency Area, the labour mobility in the European Union is much constrained as compared to USA. In Europe there exist many cultural and economic barriers that hamper the hassle free mobility of labour. Also the European Union, unlike America, cannot rely on Fiscal Federalism to iron out the regional economic disturbances (Vasiliauskaite & Vitakauskas 2007). In his seminal work in the context of the Optimum Currency Areas that is A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas (1961), Mundell discernibly appears to adhere to a Keynesian mindset. According to Mundell, in order to mitigate the shocks occurring in the private sector, whether originating from the supply side or demand side, the countries could resor t to the manipulation of national fiscal and monetary policies (1961). This nascent theory of Mundell was essentially based on stationary expectations pertaining to exchange rates, price levels and interest rates. The earlier Mundell was conclusively all for the Keynesian fine tuning of national fiscal and monetary policies, shielded by a floating exchange rate (1961). Mundell held that the diversified econ

Analysis of Canadas Healthcare System

Analysis of Canadas Healthcare System INTRODUCTION Canada is a developed country located in the northern part of North America. In 1867, it became a self-governing state while retaining its tie with the British crown. When it comes to economic and technology, Canada is developing in parallel to its neighbour to the south, which is the United State of America. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, with a democratic constitutional monarchy as their form of government. In the past years, Canada’s politics faces the challenges of reaching the population’s demands for quality improvement in education, social services, economic competitiveness and health care. The health care system in Canada is funded publicly and delivered on a provincial or territorial basis, within a guidelines set by the federal government (Canadian Health Care, 2007). Every Canadian citizens are provided with preventative services and medical treatments from general practitioners at the same time having access to hospitalisation, dental surgery and other medical services. However, in the past few years Canada’s Healthcare System is facing controversy because of it’s soaring costs. INCREASING COST OF UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE IN CANADA According to a latest study (Esmail N., Palacios M., 2013), conducted by the Fraser Institute with the title â€Å"The Price of Public Health Care Insurance: 2013 Edition†, the average Canadian household now pays approximately $7,860 in taxes for health care insurance., which is 53.3% higher than of in 2003. Over the past decade the cost of healthcare in Canada doubled and is believe to exceed the $200 billion budget mark. Canada’s health care costs continue to grow at a faster rate than the government’s revenue, largely driven by spending on prescription drugs. In the last five years, however, growth rates in pharmaceutical spending have been matched by hospital spending and overtaken by physician spending, mainly due to increased provider remuneration (Marchildon G., 2013). In addition, this trend is also caused by what the health system spends on doctors, which rose by an average of 6.8 % every year. Of that value, 3.6% was caused by the increase in physician’s fees. Other driving factors for the increase in healthcare costs are population growth, aging population and increased health care demand. Consequently, this rise in Canada’s universal health care costs is said to be the reason why the government has limited ability to provide other services such as education, transportation and pension benefits. Increased health care costs will results into higher labor costs, which might cause companies to hire lesser workers, produce less output, or raise their prices. The high expenditure for health causes the budget for other government programs and priorities be restricted. EFFECT ON CANADA’S ECONOMY The abrupt rise in health care costs and insurance can affect several parts of the economy. The rise in health care costs can cause job growth to slow down because it costs companies more money to add new employees. Wage increases have also slowed for current employees, since companies must spend more money on health care premiums. The public sector includes the federal, state and municipal governments. The public sector is dealing with costs rising more than revenues. This places a high degree of examination on discretionary health care spending. Companies are faced with rising health care spending often cut other expenses, such as reducing health care benefits, requiring employees to pay a larger share of their health care benefits, or reducing wage increases. Furthermore, increasing health care costs can cause Canada’s goods and services to be less competitive in the international markets. If all other factors remain constant, the increasing health care costs will most likely be reflected in final product costs and depending on how rapidly costs rise in other countries; this may result in more expensive goods and services. IMPACT ON NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL HEALTH CARE POLICY The soaring cost of healthcare is a burden to a country in so many ways. For the community, this increase means that there is less money in their savings and triggering hard choices in balancing food, rent and needed care. For small companies, it will make it harder for them to add new employees, more difficult to maintain coverage for retiree and makes them not competitive globally. The effect of it in the local government is it will lead to higher medicare cost thus reducing funding on other priorities such as infrastructure, public safety and education. The government’s activities to lessen the burden of high health care cost includes funding and facilitating data gathering and research to regulating prescription drugs and public health while continuing to support the national dimensions of medicare through large funding transfers to the provinces and territories. The governments collaborate through conferences, councils and working groups comprised of ministers and deputy ministers of health. Nongovernmental organizations at both federal and provincial levels influence policy direction and the management of public health care in Canada. One of the policy is that only physicians are legally allowed to prescribe a full range of pharmaceutical therapies. However, in recent years, a number of provincial governments have changed their laws and regulations in order to permit some providers, including nurse practitioners, pharmacists and dentists, to have limited authority to prescribe pharmaceutical therapies within their respective scopes of practice. Policy makers should develop funding strategies that will contain the cost of delivering health care and providing economic stimulus to increase provincial and territorial revenues or income, while maintaining the delivery of quality healthcare services to all Canadians. POLICY INTERVENTION SOLUTIONS EDUCATION AND TRAINING In addressing the issue of expensive cost of healthcare, one of the possible solution is the population-wide health education about prevention and any other relevant information about health. The government can launch self-care programmes that would lessen the demand for consultation and hospitalisation. Self -care programmes includes the â€Å"patient as the expert† approach, home self-monitoring techniques and the use of latest gadgets and technology such as mobile phones, computers and telemedicines. In general, these self-care programmes trains and empowers the people to be involved in their own care and be able to manage their own condition. It also includes interventions that imparts knowledge and skills to the people to participate in decision making, to monitor and control the disease and the change in behaviour thus decreasing the chance of seeking expensive medical services. TAX BENEFITS AND PAYMENT TO CAREGIVER In Canada’s Economic Action Plan (CEAC, nd), the government is committed to recognised the sacrifies that many citizens exerts to take care of their children, spouses, parents and other family members with health issue. In support of this objective, Budget 2011 introduced a new Family Caregiver Tax Credit to provide tax relief to those who care for an infirm dependent relative .This initiative provides tax relief to those who care for an infirm dependent relative, including, for the first time, spouses, common-law partners and minor children. Same with direct payments from government, such as agriculture subsidies or social security benefits, tax benefits and payment are given directly to the citizen in exchange of accomplishing a desired behavior. As a result, tax credits permit individual discretion on spending rather than the government dictating spending priorities for each person. The availability of tax credits is probably most beneficial to people with lower incomes,because low income families often cannot give up a salary to provide full-time care, nor do their jobs offer flexibility that would allow them to mix caretaking and working. A tax credit for individuals is a simple concentration of funds from the whole economy onto a specific population segment, assuming the tax credit is paid for with general revenues. In this manner the government’s expenditure on universal healthcare is somewhat reduced. In addition to that, there is a lesser need for aged care facility, disability care or hospital care since caregiver can perform home care. RESPITE CARE Caring for a disabled or old family member can be challenging, potentially impacting caregivers’ health, mental health, work, social relationships, and quality of life. To alleviate caregiver stress, enable caregivers to better cope with the demands of caring for a loved one, and improve caregiver and care recipient outcomes, many interventions have been developed. A short-term break for people and their carer/support person is called Respite Support. This short-term break is usually done away from home and overnight. Respite services are equipped to meet the needs of a disabled person while away from home and their usual support, and aim to create a positive experience for the person. Carer Support enables a usual caregiver to take a break from supporting a person by providing an alternative carer. Moreover, respite care is a vital part of the overall support that families need to keep their family members with a disability or chronic illness at home. Respite care is temporary care to persons with disabilities or special health care needs, including individuals at risk of abuse or neglect, or in crisis situations. Respite care can be an effective cost-saving measure that Canada’s government can venture more. In US, there is an estimated 50 million family caregivers nationwide that provide at least $375 billion in uncompensated services —an amount almost as high as Medicare spending and more than total spending for Medicaid, including both federal and state contributions and both medical and long-term care ($311 billion in 2005) (Gibson and Hauser, 2008). BUSINESS REGULATIONS COMBINING WORK AND CAREGIVING Caregiver can be defined as a person or individual who provides care or assistance to a member of the family in their home or the care recipient’s home who has a mental or physical disability, is chronically ill, old or who is on a palliative care. Caregiving is a difficult task but family members tend to naturally take care of their love ones and resort to medical institutions when the burden is too much. These caregivers might find it hard to balance their work and their family obligation. The government can addressed this issue by mandating businesses to allow employees to take medical leave to take care of a disabled or sick relatives. After the medical leave, the employee should be restored of the original job or to an equivalent job. By doing this business regulations, there is less demand for health services, nursing homes, disability services thus helping the government saved the cost for healthcare. REFERENCES Canadian Health Care (2007), Introduction. Retrieved from:  http://www.canadian-healthcare.org/ Esmail N., Palacios M., (2013), The Price of Public Health Care Insurance: 2013 Edition, Fraser Institute. Marchildon G. (2013), Health Systems in Transition: Canada Health System Review, University of Regina, Canada. CEAC, (n.d.), Family Caregiver Tax Credit: Canada’s Economic Action Plan, Retrieved from:  http://actionplan.gc.ca/en/initiative/family-caregiver-tax-credit Gibson, Hauser (2008), Valuing the Invaluable: A new look at the economic value of family-caregiving, Public Policy Institute, Washington. Analysis of Canadas Healthcare System Analysis of Canadas Healthcare System Canadian Health Care Canada is regarded as having one of the best health care services systems in the world. All Canadians residents are eligible to health care irrespective of income and health. However, like any benefit, there are a few exceptions that are governed in the policies of the provincial or federal governments. Although this system benefits Canadians immensely, there are still some people debating that by privatizing health care, better health care services would be available. However, another aspect of this is that the premium health care services would be only be affordable by the wealthy. The Canada Health Act was passed in 1984 by the parliament. This act established its principles on 5 main criteria: 1. Accessibility: all insured Canadians should have reasonable access to all health care services, as well as all health care providers must be equally compensated for the services provided. 2. Portability: any insured Canadian that moves to a different province is permitted to health care coverage for a territorial determined waiting period. 3. Universality: all Canadians insured by the Canada Health Act are eligible to equal levels of health care. 4. Public administration: all of the administration of health services needs to be done on a non-profit basis by a public authority. 5. Comprehensiveness: all health care services determined by the provinces require to be insured. The province and territories manage and provide the required health insurance to all its residents. In order to be eligible for health care benefits, the residents need to apply for a provincial health card. Once, the health card is issued, the individual is eligible to receive free health care for all necessary health services as listed by the province they reside in. There is a maximum waiting period of 3 months in being able to receive health care, for new residents. Some provinces provide additional health care services in addition to what is listed in the Canadian Health Care Act; however they are not required to provide any additional services than what is stated in the Act. For any additional health care service, like dental or optometry, people usually get private insurance, or employers give additional insurance to their employees. Health care funding is provided by both provincial and federal taxation from both individual and corporate income taxes. Additional financing is also obtained from sales taxes and proceeds from the lottery. Additional funds are delivered to the provinces by the federal government through the Canadian Health and Social Transfer. The funds are paid by cash contributions and tax transfer and to the provinces. The Canadian Health and Social Transfer is a transfer of funds from the federal government to the provinces for post-secondary education, health care, and social assistance. The provincial governments are not required to show the use of the transfer income; therefore the percentage used for health care is unknown. Although provinces may choose to spend this transfer as they choose, they have to follow the Canadian Health Act and they cannot impose any residency restrictions for the social assistance.   If these two conditions are not met the cash transfer to the provinces can be reduced. The Canadian Health and Social Transfer is distributed to the provinces at an equal per capita entitlement, but the cash transfer, which is dependent on the conditions set by the federal government, will vary across provinces. In order to receive an equal average of entitlements, provinces that have higher earnings will get more tax transfers, whereas the other provinces will receive more cash transfers. Critics of the health care system state that there should be a record of the federal governments contribution towards health care. Recommended solutions to this are to either separate the Canadian Health and Social Transfer into three separate parts, showing amounts for health, post-secondary education and social assistance or to separate the health care portion from the latter two portions. Since 1984, there have been numerous changes to the Canada Health Act, and it will continue to evolve as the requirements of the society change along with the advancements in the world of medicine. Regardless of what number of commentators has to say about the health care system, it is still viewed as the most successful and valuable health care systems of the modern era. Bibliography The Canada Health and Social Transfer. (2000). Retrieved from http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/tips/tip55-e.htm Canadian Health Care: Health Care and Politics. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.canadian-healthcare.org/page10.html Canadian Health Care: Canada Health Act. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.canadian-healthcare.org/page2.html Canadas Health Care System. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/pubs/system-regime/2011-hcs-sss/index-eng.php Canadas health care system. (2016). 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Tuber Cells Essay -- essays research papers

DETERMINATION OF THE WATER POTENTIAL OF POTATO TUBER CELLS. Method. Five sucrose solutions with varying molarity and one control containing distilled water were prepared and poured into test tubes. The potato discs were dried, weighed and added to the test tubes. The discs were then weighed again after a period of 24 hours. The percentage change in mass was then calculated. Apparatus.  Specimen tubes with stoppers x6  1cm3 diameter cork borer  razor blade  filter papers  balance  distilled water  sucrose solutions with varying concentrations  potato cut into small discs Results. (Fig 1.0) Sucrose concentration (M)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Initial mass (kg)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Final mass (kg)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Change in mass (%) 0.10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.95  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.25  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  31.57 0.20  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.94  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.13  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20.21 0.30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.03  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11.65 0.40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.95  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.05  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10.52 0.50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.88  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.86  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -2.27 0.60  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.93  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.84  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -9.67 Control  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  42.41 Discussion. Osmosis is the passive diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a down a concentration gradient. The water potential of a system is the tendency for water to exit the system. In this experiment the aim was to measure the tendency for water to leave the tuber cells. As the water potential of pure water is zero the concentration of sucrose in solution will have an effect on the water potential, this is called the solute potential. The greater the concentration of sucrose the more negative the water potential, because water moves from a high to low water potential. When the potato is put into water it contains solute molecules which draw water in providing the external solute concentration is lower. The more s... ...ent was quite limited as the degree of experimental error that could occur gives rise to scepticism over the validity of the results. The cutting up of the potato into pieces of equal surface area and mass was extremely difficult given the equipment available. If error had occurred then this would have an effect on the amount of water moving to and from the cells. However this may have had little influence in this case, as the potato discs were meticulously weighed and cut out. Another area of likely error was the drying out of the discs. There was a degree of difficulty in deciding if the discs were dry enough, and the length of drying time each disc received. If the discs had not been dried sufficiently then the percentage change in mass recorded would have been greater than before. Such a change would result in a more negative water potential, making the results less accurate. If given the chance to repeat this experiment I would like to use more solutions ranging from 0.30M to 0.60M to give a more accurate graph, thus giving a more accurate determination of the water potential. I would also like to determine with the same degree of accuracy the point of incipient plasmolysis.

Project Manager – Main Responsibilities

i) Project Manager – main responsibilities and desired traits Project manager has primary responsibilities for providing leadership in planning, organizing and controlling to the project team to accomplish the project objective in quality manner, within budget and on time as a cohesive group. [pic] Desired Traits Skills Effective project managers must posses a variety of skills in addition to general management skills.While certain necessary skills may be dependent upon the project, there are some skills that all project managers should possess. Leadership ability -create a vision an direction, inspiring the team, give empowerment, give motivations, appreciate and values the contribution by recognition, praise encouragement, establishing an environment of trust, high expectations and enjoyment.Ability to develop people – has a commitment to the training and development of people working on the project. Give the team an opportunity to add value from experience by gaining knowledge and more competent. Communication skills – the ability to communicate clearly, effectively, and regularly for the purpose of to have a good working relationship with the project team, customers and other stakeholders.Interpersonal skills- the ability to develop a relationship with each team member in order to know â€Å"what motivates them, how they think things are going, what concerns they have, and how they feel about things† Problem-Solving – the ability to anticipate problems, recognize them when they arise, and solve them quickly and efficiently Time Management – the ability to prioritize, delegate, and manage time effectively Ability to handle stress – the ability to handle stress that can arise from work situation.Negotiating Skills – able to interact with customers, sponsor, the project organization’s management, subcontractors, vendors and end user to arrive at a mutually acceptable agreement on an issue. Conclusi on The project manager responsibilities of planning, organizing, and controlling are general management responsibilities. In addition to these responsibilities, the effective project manager must possess a specific set of skills that can be used to manage projects successfully. ———————– PROJECT MANAGER

The Handmaids Tale and Tess of the DUrbervilles Essay Example

The Handmaids Tale and Tess of the DUrbervilles Essay Example The Handmaids Tale and Tess of the DUrbervilles Paper The Handmaids Tale and Tess of the DUrbervilles Paper Essay Topic: A White Heron Literature The Handmaids Tale The Dictionary definition of Control as a means of restraining or regulating, is most obvious in the way the characters are defined by the society in which they live. For example, the Republic of Gilead, the regime under which Offred lives, aims to control its subjects utterly and annihilate all dissenters. It is a pattern of life, based on conformity, censorship and terror in short, the usual terms of existence enforced by totalitarian states1. More than this, however, Gileads most potent weapon of control is ignorance. Atwood herself comments on the plight of Offred and indeed all her sex, her lack of information is part of the nightmare. We, as the readers, are aware from the beginning that everyone is given a specific yet blinkered role and that it is accepted (nothing is going on here that I havent signed up for). Everyone, from the Marthas to the denizens of Jezebels, has a specific name which indicates what their role is that is accepted also. From the wings on her head-dress which only allow her to perceive a partial version of her world, to the ownership tattoo on her ankle, Offred seemingly has no freedom. Even her name is sublimated to her role as a worthy vessel. Each choreographed Prayvaganza, each electric cattle-prod, and each shatter proof, non-opening window is testimony to the societys desire for control of the transitional generation to win ultimate control, ironically, by virtually airbrushing out those who contributed to its success. Offred comments wryly, that in future photograph albums, well be invisible ut the children will be in them alright. The same cannot be said necessarily for the society in Tess of the DUrbervilles. The rural Wessex setting seems at first, not nearly as suffocating as the manicured lawns and ubiquitous check points of the The Handmaids Tale. Tess lives in an area with Grassy banks, Blue hills and a languorous atmosphere; we get the impression that there are fewer constraints on her. Tess indeed has the freedom to attend the May Dance, whereas Offred is forced to take part in the monthly Ceremony and Particicution. Tess and the inhabitants of her world, on the other hand, totally accept the control that society has enforced upon them, but the recurrent leitmotiv in the novel is one of control imposed more by complete unfairness and injustice, over and above merely taking certain casually held attitudes about women to their logical conclusions, (Atwood). Unfairness dominates the lives of Tess and her family to such an extent that it begins to seem like a general aspect of human existence. Tess stands throughout the novel helplessly looking on. Her unfair blame over the death of Prince controls her entire fate. She has to bear the consequence of her rape (that bastard gift of shameless Nature who respects not the social law) in a world not of Christian justice at all, but controlled by whimsical and uncaring pagan injustice. Sexism in society overrides even the controls imposed by destiny and ignorance in both novels. In The Handmaids Tale, sexism is much more than just another crummy power trip. Women are reduced to mere lowly generic terms such as Handmaid and Martha, whereas Men are Commanders or gun-toting Angels. The Gileadean revolution was motivated almost entirely by a desire to (re)oppress women. This is made explicit by the Commander: the takeover was necessary, he explains, because there was nothing left for men to do with women. Sex, he says, patronisingly, was part of the problem. As a result, There was nothing (for men) to work for. The entire regime seems organised to subjugate and silence women. The oppression is so absolute and so otherwise unmotivated that it could be the result only of an innate and virtually universal need by men to oppress women. Even Luke, it turns out, doesnt mind it at all when the revolution takes away his lovers independence; (maybe) he even likes it. Furthermore, the Historical Notes, rather than mitigating this situation, reinforce it, by presenting the regime that follows Gilead as quite as misogynist as the original. Professor Pieixoto only really seems to be interested in the Commander (What we would only give, now, for even twenty pages or so of printout from Waterfords private computer! ) rather than the Handmaid and her suffering. What is remarkable is not that the professor says these things, but that they are accompanied by laughter and applause and that not a single voice is raised in objection. Nobody, not even the female academics demonstrably present, speaks up to counter Pieixotos unrepentantly sexist2 comments. The misogyny of the new regime suggests that Gilead has in fact not ended, at least not in any satisfactory sense; the forces underlying it have merely taken on a new form of control. Both Angel and Alec, who has chauvinistically appropriated the name of DUrberville, exhibit a sexist double standard, but whereas Alec, who exercises his droit de seigneur without a qualm, flippantly remarks, thats just like you women. Your mind is enslaved to his, Angel is troubled by obeying conventional rules contrary to his real feelings: he is vexed that he cannot help but see Tess as spoilt goods and is therefore not free of the prejudices and controls of his sex in the context of his own time and culture (who was the moral man? Still more pertinently, who was the moral woman? ). Yet he tells her of his moral slip(s) before their marriage first, and expects her to understand fully his one mistake only due to the fact that he was born as a man. Similarly, the (male) Priest will not even give Sorrow the Undesired a Christian burial. As a Fallen Woman, Tess has to endure humiliation in which the confines of her sex induce a wretched sentiment almost of Original Sin: in inhabiting the fleshly tabernacle with which nature had endowed her she was somehow doing wrong. Like Janine, who confesses to being gang-raped, sexism demands that she view it as her fault. Offred and her fellow Handmaids, ironically, are lauded precisely because they do the job of a Fallen Woman, constantly being transferred from one house to another. Their humiliation lies rather in being declared Unwoman, but the implication is clearly the same. The theme of control is also implicit in the way the characters, within every stratum and class, strive to gain control over each other and themselves. In The Handmaids Tale, this very often takes the form of seemingly insignificant actions by one character over another: Serena Joy likes to keep the Commander waiting outside the door (Its a little thing, but in this household, little things mean a lot), and Rita withholds petty information from Offred. Likewise, the banter between Offred and Rita concerning the match belies the fact that it signifies Offreds newly-acquired superiority over the Martha Have I become, suddenly, one of those who must be appeased? Apart from the obvious cattle prods or grizzly corpses on the Wall, small objects take on a crucial implication in the way the characters can control each other. Serena Joy shows Offred a photo of her child as emotional blackmail, Offred feels that to steal some small thing from the living room would make me feel that I have power, and the hand cream/scrabble/magazines from the Commander causes Offred to realise that Things have changed. I have something on him now. It is Offred who holds the Trump card on all counts; she can control those who seek to control her by using collusion of a sort, betrayal of a sort, most significantly with Serena Joy She does want that baby. In Tess of the DUrbervilles we are never quite sure whether it is sheer force of character or merely Fate which controls the plot and motives of the characters and conspires to cause the emotional denouement. Rather than symbolic messages or objects, it is overwhelmingly the male characters that exert a power over the others. Alecs act of abuse, the most life-altering event that Tess experiences in the novel, is clearly the most serious instance of male domination over a female (Her views on life had been totally changed for her). Even more unsettling than Alecs blatant cruelty is the fact that, after Angel reveals that he prefers Tess, Tess friend Retty attempts suicide and her friend Marian becomes an alcoholic. These girls appear utterly dominated by a desire for a man who, we are told explicitly, does not even realise that they are interested in him they are the homelier ones whom he ignored. Even Angels love for Tess, as pure and gentle as it seems, dominates her in an unhealthy way. He calls her Daughter of Nature and Artemis, seeking to control and sublimate her true self in favour of a mental image that he prefers. The crowd of male police officers who surround Tess at Stonehenge at the end of the novel is a final striking image of an almost suffocating desire for personal control (They all closed in with evident purpose) in a world where Fate seems to have the upper hand: it was to be. Although at first it might seem as if The Handmaids Tale is a purely passive account, we can see that the characters are all striving towards a common goal active self control. Serena Joy bursts into tears on every Ceremony night and knits everlasting scarves covered in pictures of children, but attains her version of freedom by withdrawing emotionally from the Commander. Offred sees the ultimate value of accepting that her life is not a paranoid delusion, that she is not a missing person, because she maintains the my in her personality (my room, my name) which is the most basic form of self-control, that of sanity: I hoard it, the way people once hoarded money. I save it, so I will have enough, when the time comes. The imagery of mirrors in the novel reinforces the theme of characters striving for control over their own lives. Offred attempts to catch a glimpse of her face in the hallway mirror, but finds that it is distorted, and all bathroom mirrors are replaced by dull metal which reveals nothing. Offred and Serena Joy are together reduced to mere uncontrolled shapeless forms in the brief glass eye of the mirror. Her collusion with Nick in Serenas parlour is a self-limiting rather than a liberating exercise: he cant give me away, nor I him; for the moment, were mirrors. In a metaphorical sense, Offred conjectures, on the night of the Ceremony, how it must feel for the Commander to see himself mirrored in the eyes of others: to have them watching him all the time it must be hell. Significantly, it is only when Offred sees herself in the ample mirror under the white light in the hotel room at Jezebels that she begins to appreciate the reality of an existence outside her own narrow, controlled life. Atwood uses the imagery of colour and objects from the natural world, such as flowers and fruit, as well as sexual imagery, to convey a nightmarish sense of control by the very environment surrounding the protagonists. Offred appropriately compares the bright red tulips to chalices or sexual organs (swelling genitalia of the flowers) and sees them as representing her own proscribed existence as a two legged womb. In the same way, the barren Wives are forced to wear blue, a cold colour, and are described in terms of decay (her greying hair spreading like mildew over the rug) and infirmity, such as Serena Joys gradually crippling hands. Control by the circularity of life is a major theme in Tess of the DUrbervilles and Hardys imagery crucially underlines it as the natural order of things. First, the use of seasons to denote the passage of time implies continuity. Years are shown as repetitions with variations rather than as new creations. Tess herself views time in this way, and philosophically noted dates as they came past in the revolution of the year. In the novel, the past and the future are merely points on the cycle which nature controls. Secondly, the plot itself is not only circular, but contains a myriad of smaller circles within it. The main circle of the plot is from the discovery of the DUrberville Tombs to Tess death. Within this circle revolve others. The life and death of Sorrow is a small circle within the larger one. Alec DUrbervilles repentance and recantation form another. Clares and Tess physical journeys towards and away from and back again to each other represent more circles, which is mirrored by the dominating image of the herons in a passionless wheel above them. At the start of the novel Tess and her companions dance in a circle on the green; at its end, she stops to rest at Stonehenge. This pattern of circularity provides an echoing dimension for the narrow folk-ballad tragedy in which Tess is trapped3, and is particularly appropriate because the cycles of life which rule her externally mirror her own internal cycles over which she has no control (or as the Commander puts it to Offred, you cant cheat nature). In The Handmaids Tale, control of the first-person narrative is very firmly in the hands of Offred. Atwood forces us to hear her story from a very limited perspective, and even when we are given a choice of scenarios, such as the fate of Luke or what happens during her encounter with Nick, we are never entirely sure of the truth. More than once, Offred says, I made that up. It is not until we are allegedly given the bigger picture by Professor Pieixoto that we can feel fully in control, sitting up on a hill at the end, as E. M. Forster puts it in Aspects of the Novel. The episodic nature of Tess of the DUrbervilles, however, written in the third person, means that it is Hardy, rather than the heroine, who assumes complete omniscience, who has access to and can judge the beauty or ugliness of a character accordingly. The omniscience of the narrator effectively gives the reader control: it allows us not to be influenced by the character in the interpretations of the characters behaviour and feelings. Using such a narrative technique, Hardy allows himself to be somewhat detached from his characters, often appearing as though he himself does not sympathise with the tragedy that is Tess: at the end he tells us that Justice was done. The effect of the novel not being narrated by Tess is that we as the readers are given an omniscient perception of the lives of other characters of which Tess herself is unaware, and allowed to interpret for ourselves the predicament in which characters other than Tess are placed. However, notwithstanding Hardys use of dialogue, this style of narration precludes total control by the reader, since by its very nature the characters can only ever be (faithfully) presented4. This prevents us from having a direct line into the thoughts, feelings and motives of the characters, so that their inner life remains unknowable5, and does not allow for the character to communicate directly in the way that Offred can by the continual use of the pronouns I and we: for example, Hardy tells us that Tess in her misery at the death of Sorrow, rocked herself upon the bed, but it is so much more poignant when Offred herself describes their attempted escape from Gilead: the little girl who is now dead sits in the back seat ith her stuffed rabbit, mangy with age and love I cant think about the rabbit too much though, I cant start to cry.

Free Essays on Store Layout

Store Layout The store layout of all our stores is based on one of the following architectures: Grid layout - layout that displays merchandise in straight, parallel lines, with secondary aisles at ninety-degree angle. A classical style that leaves enough mobility and store visibility even for the most critical customer. Free-flow layout - an asymmetrical arrangement of merchandise that encourages unstructured traffic movement. Ideally suited for stores that display mixed assortments of diverse products with asymmetric space requirements. Loop or Boutique Layout - a layout that divides merchandise into shops within the store. Ideally suitable for a store displaying strong individual categories or brands. watch out the inside story of our stores having a mixture blend of all the layouts, meant for the customer convenience In supermarkets, fixtures are arranged in grid patterns beginning at the checkout. These grids that extend to the rear of the store allow customers to walk through and around classifications for easy shopping and orderly merchandise location. Merchandise classifications in supermarkets are normally presented in order of sales volume. Store locations with high traffic and visibility are better than those with low traffic and low visibility. The latter are areas with low sellers. The former are for strong sellers. Not all space can yield high volume because of customer demand. Close to the supermarket entrance are the high-volume produce department, which requires fixtures that provide light, cooling services, and water, are deep enough to hold quantities of produce. Impulse items are located in the first grocery aisle. Along the back wall meats progress to the adjacent wall where frozen and dairy products such as milk and yogurt are generally presented. Because diets are changing, product location in supermarkets should be reviewed frequently. Hot items that drew customers t... Free Essays on Store Layout Free Essays on Store Layout Store Layout The store layout of all our stores is based on one of the following architectures: Grid layout - layout that displays merchandise in straight, parallel lines, with secondary aisles at ninety-degree angle. A classical style that leaves enough mobility and store visibility even for the most critical customer. Free-flow layout - an asymmetrical arrangement of merchandise that encourages unstructured traffic movement. Ideally suited for stores that display mixed assortments of diverse products with asymmetric space requirements. Loop or Boutique Layout - a layout that divides merchandise into shops within the store. Ideally suitable for a store displaying strong individual categories or brands. watch out the inside story of our stores having a mixture blend of all the layouts, meant for the customer convenience In supermarkets, fixtures are arranged in grid patterns beginning at the checkout. These grids that extend to the rear of the store allow customers to walk through and around classifications for easy shopping and orderly merchandise location. Merchandise classifications in supermarkets are normally presented in order of sales volume. Store locations with high traffic and visibility are better than those with low traffic and low visibility. The latter are areas with low sellers. The former are for strong sellers. Not all space can yield high volume because of customer demand. Close to the supermarket entrance are the high-volume produce department, which requires fixtures that provide light, cooling services, and water, are deep enough to hold quantities of produce. Impulse items are located in the first grocery aisle. Along the back wall meats progress to the adjacent wall where frozen and dairy products such as milk and yogurt are generally presented. Because diets are changing, product location in supermarkets should be reviewed frequently. Hot items that drew customers t...

The Effects of Immigration on Wages and Employment Essay

The Effects of Immigration on Wages and Employment - Essay Example The essay "The Effects of Immigration on Wages and Employment" analyzes the effect of immigration on the wages and employment rates of a particular area in terms of the effects for each city outmigration and reduced in-migration. Suffice to say, the mobility of workers both domestically and internationally has become commonplace thus altering the composition of the workforce in various places. Legal migrants form a substantial portion of the workforce in the United States. It is important to evaluate the impact of both the international migrations to the US and the domestic migrations on the native workers. According to Card (2005), immigration does not have a notable impact on the wages of both the natives and the immigrant workers. Card indicates that large differences in the proportions of immigrants do not cause differences in the relative wages. In order to investigate the effect of immigration on wages and employment, Card compared cities with large versus small numbers of immigrants. He also factored in the effects for each city outmigration and reduced in-migration. Card found out that immigration had a negligible effect on skilled and unskilled wages. Peri (2010) took a task analytic approach to investigate the study in focus. According to Peri, workers are in different occupations. For instance, natives have a better command of English language and therefore more suited for communication-oriented tasks compared to immigrants who specialize in jobs that are manual oriented. Peri also indicates that native born workers take on managerial tasks while educated immigrants are likely to work in specialized roles as engineers, doctors or scientists. Ultimately, a large a number of immigrant workers could lead to increased productivity of the natives and thus increase their wages and employment rate rather than decreasing them. Card, Borjas and Peri used fundamentally different methods to study the effects of immigration on wages and employment. Borjas’ findings were based on an intrinsic grouping of people based on social factors and comparing their wages and employment rate vis a vis proportion of immigration in their cities. It is imperative to not that Card used the same groupings and made findings to the effect that immigration had negligible effects on wages and employment. The difference in findings between Borjas and Card can be attributed to the fact the Borjas failed to consider the effect of capital investments changes to the production function. Peri a task oriented approach to evaluate the differences in terms of jobs that natives and immigrants undertook. It is notable that the findings of Card, Peri and Borjas are based on the methods that they used to conduct their studies. It is not possible to arrive at a generalized conclusion on the effects of immigrants on the wages and employment rates. However, both Peri and Card tentatively agree that the immigrants do not necessarily cause a negative impact on employment rates and wages. 2. Worker mobility is an important factor in market economies since it allows for free movement of workers to obtain employment of their choice. The

Explain a company's cost of capital and how it is calculated Essay

Explain a company's cost of capital and how it is calculated - Essay Example This means that since the investor provided the capital, there is a rate of return that would be demanded by them to compensate them for the time value of their money and the risk that they have to incur in investing. For this risk, cost of capital is sometimes called as hurdle rate. And for a project to be considered approved, it must earn more than its hurdle rate. The cost of capital determines how a company can raise money through issuing bonds, borrowing or both (Invetopedia.com, 2011). Determining the cost of capital is important in capital budgeting, determination of a company’s Economic Value Added (EVA), deciding when to lease or purchase of assets and regulation of electric, gas and telephone companies. The cost of capital is specific to each particular type of capital that the company uses (Moneyterms.co.uk, 2011). It could be the cost of equity or the cost of debt or the combination of both. The cost of equity is the rate of return on equity required by a company i mplicitly estimated using valuation ratios. The differences in the cost of equity is an important component of differences in the ratings at which different companies and sectors trade. The cost of capital of a security is for the valution of the securities.